In an era of massive biodiversity loss, the greatest conservation success story has been the growth of protected land globally. Protected areas are the primary defense against biodiversity loss, but extensive human activity within their boundaries can undermine this. Using the most comprehensive global map of human pressure, we show that 6 million square kilometers (32.8%) of protected land is under intense human pressure. For protected areas designated before the Convention on Biological Diversity was ratified in 1992, 55% have since experienced human pressure increases. These increases were lowest in large, strict protected areas, showing that they are potentially effective, at least in some nations. Transparent reporting on human pressure within protected areas is now critical, as are global targets aimed at efforts required to halt biodiversity loss. One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure Kendall R. Jones1,2,*, Oscar Venter3, Richard A. Fuller2,4, James R. Allan1,2, Sean L. Maxwell1,2, Pablo Jose Negret1,2, James E. M. Watson1,2,5 See all authors and affiliations Science 18 May 2018: Vol. 360, Issue 6390, pp. 788-791 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9565 EPSG:3857